Japanese Numerals: #1 Easy Guide For You!

Original blog post: https://ling-app.com/ja/japanese-numerals/

You may feel hesitant to learn Japanese numerals at first and that was what I thought as well while I was learning Japanese since they seem complicated but trust me they are actually quite easy to learn! In the Japanese numerals system, there is an order that everyone can easily understand.

In this blog post, we are going to learn the Japanese number system and Japanese counting system with their writing and reading. But first of all, I must say that there are two ways of reading Japanese numerals: Sino-Japanese numbers (On reading) and native Japanese numbers (Kun reading). So there are two different ways to read the same kanji in numbers from only 1 to 10. Let me start by explaining them.

Native Japanese Numbers

Native Japanese numbers are only used from 1 to 10. You can use these to count everything except money, time, and people. So, if you don’t know the correct counter (I will explain it right after), use these numbers! Native Japanese numbers end in つ (tsu) except for 10 とう (tou). These numbers’ pronunciation is also known as Kun reading in Japanese language resources.

• 1 一 ひとつ hito(tsu)
• 2 二 ふたつ futa(tsu)
• 3 三 みっつ mit(tsu)
• 4 四 よっつ yon(tsu)
• 5 五 いつつ itsu(tsu)
• 6 六 むっつ mut(tsu)
• 7 七 ななつ nana(tsu)
• 8 八 やっつ yat(tsu)
• 9 九 ここのつ kokono(tsu)
• 10 十 とう tou

Sino-Japanese Numbers

Sino-Japanese numbers are more commonly used in the Japanese language. It is also known as the On reading. The thing you have to know about Sino-Japanese reading is that they need to combine with counter words in order to count objects. As for zero, the Japanese reading is 零 (rei), but saying ゼロ (zero), as in the English language, is more often used.

• 0 零/〇 れい/ゼロ rei/zero
• 1 一 いち ichi
• 2 二 に ni
• 3 三 さん san
• 4 四 し shi
• 5 五 ご go
• 6 六 ろく roku
• 7 七 しち shichi
• 8 八 はち hachi
• 9 九 きゅう kyu
• 10 十 じゅう juu

Fun Fact: The numbers 4 and 7, it is preferred to say よん (yon) and なな (nana) rather than し (shi) and しち (shichi). The reason why is that shi is also the pronunciation of the word death (死) in Japanese, which makes it an unlucky reading for Japanese people.

Similar to that, きゅう (kyu) is also considered unlucky when it is pronounced like ku, because it is a homophone for suffering (苦). In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky numbers in Japanese.

How To Count In Japanese

Once you learned the first 10 numbers in Japanese, it is a piece of cake to count to 100. Because it has a system like you are putting the numbers between 0–10 in an order to form the numbers until 100.

Example: 11 is 十一 (juuichi) so put 10 十 (juu) first and then bring 1 一 (ichi).

15 is 十五 (juugo) again put 10 十 (juu) first and then bring 5 五 (go).

When you get to twenty, it is the same system, but first start by counting the 10s in that number.

Example: 20 is 二十 (nijuu) there are two 10s in twenty.

26 is 二十六 (nijuu roku) put 2 and 10 first (because there are two tens in twenty) and then bring 6.

And it goes on like this up to 99. 100 gets a new word: 百 — ひ ゃ く (hyaku).

Cheatsheet For Japanese Numbers

You can have a look at this quick and helpful list in case you don’t remember some numbers, especially the big Japanese numbers. Don’t forget to apply the rule we have just mentioned above!

Most Common Japanese Counters

Counter words specify what kind of object you are counting in Japanese. There are many forms of counters in the Japanese language, literally for everything. Do you really have to learn them? Yes, you do. Don’t worry there are some tips to help you learn your way around it.

Let’s say you don’t know the counter for an object, then you can use 一つ(hitotsu) or 二つ(futatsu) to count your objects up to 10. This will save you a lot of trouble if you memorize the Native Japanese numbers.

There is another thing to pay attention to is that some numbers conjugate differently with certain counters.

3 (三) changes the first letter of any counter word from the “h” column of the kana chart to “b” or “p” like in 三分 (sanpun) which means “three minutes”.

6 (六) changes the “h” kana to “pp” like 六匹 (roppiki) which means”six animals”.

8 (八) changes “h” counters the same as 6, most of the time. This is not really a rule, but it is common enough to help you when you are getting started.

Sometimes, the less common readings of 4, 7, and 9 are used with certain counters, like 七時 (shichiji) which means “7 o’clock”.

Now, if that’s out of the way, here are the most common counters you should definitely know:

• 人 (jin / nin) = People
• 頭 (tō) = Large animals
• 羽 (wa) = Birds and rabbits
• 匹 (hiki) = Small animals (cats, dogs, fish, insects etc.)
• 枚 (May) = Fine and flat objects (stamps, sheets etc.)
• 台 (dai) = Technological objects (cars, television etc.)
• 本 (hon) = Long and cylindrical objects (pencils, fingers, trees, umbrella etc.)
• 個 (ko) = Very small objects
• 着 (chaku) = Clothes
• 冊 (satsu) = Related objects (books, dictionaries, magazines)
• 足 (soku) = Objects worn on the feet (socks, shoes etc.)
• 切 れ (kire) = Slices (of cake, bread, ham etc.)
• 杯 (hai) = Liquids contained in containers
• 錠 (jō) = Pills, capsules, round drugs
• 軒 (ken) = Buildings
• 階 (kai) = Floors
• 番 (ban) = Numbered objects (station platforms, buses)
• 番 (ban) + 目 (me) = Ranking (1st, 2nd etc.)
• 回 (kai) = Frequency (once, twice etc.)
• 年 (nen) = Years
• か 月 (kagetsu) = Month
• 週 間 (shūkan) = Weeks
• 日 (ka / nichi) = Days
• 時間 (jikan) = Hours
• 分 (fun / pun) = Minutes
• 秒 (byō) = Seconds
• 歳 (sai) = Ageumbers In Japanese

Japanese Counters For People

For one person, you say ひとり (hitori), and for two people you say ふたり (futari). But usually, when counting people in Japanese, you use the counter 人 (nin) if there are 3 or more people, so any number after that is the Sino-Japanese number system followed by 人, for example, 三人 (sannin) means “three people”.

Japanese Counters For Long Objects

For long, thin objects, such as pencils, chopsticks, or bottles, the counter you should use is 本 (hon). For example, 四本のペン (yon hon no pen) means “four pens”. Also, don’t forget to put の (no) right before the object. 本 (hon) is also the counter for things like roads, rivers, and train tracks, anything that travels that is very long and thin. It can also be used for long-distance phone calls and travel routes.

Yes, normally 本 (hon) means “book” in Japanese, yet it isn’t the counter for books (that would be 冊 (satsu) which is the counter word for bound objects, such as mangas and books).

Japanese Counters For Small Objects

When counting small objects, you should use the cıunter 個 (ko) togetherwith the number. And it can also be used for round objects, like apples. For example, リンゴ二個 (ringo niko) means “two apples”.

Japanese Counters For Animals

When counting small animals like birds, cats, and dogs, you should use 匹 (hiki). On the other hand, for larger animals such as horses and elephants, you should use 頭 (tou). Also, don’t forget to put の (no) right before the object.

For example, 三頭の馬 (santou no uma) means “three horses”. 三匹の犬 (sanbiki no inu) means “three dogs”. Also, remember the change from ‘h’ to ‘b’ in hiki.

Japanese Counters For Mechanical Objects

Any kind of technological or mechanical devices can be listed under this category, such as cars, bikes, washers, dryers, and your video game console has a counter word in Japanese. You should use 台 (dai) for these objects. Also, don’t forget to put の (no) right before the object. For example, 二台の車 (nidai no kuruma) means “two cars”.

Japanese Counters For Units of Time

To express time in Japanese, yes, you have to use counters! You should express seconds with 秒 (byou), minutes with 分 (fun or pun), hours with 時 (ji), and the length of time with 時間 (jikan). When it comes to months, you can use 月 (getsu), and for years you use 年 (nen).

Other Japanese Counter Words

Some other Japanese counters you can come across often are 枚 (mai), 回 (kai), and 階 (gai). 枚 is used to count flat objects, like paper. 回 is used to express the number of times, like the number of times in a week you go out. 階 is used to count the number of floors in a building. Just keep them in mind just in case!

Japanese Ordinal Numbers

Japanese ordinal numbers express order or sequence, such as the first, second, and third. In Japanese, you should add 第 (dai) right before the number.

• 第一 (dai ichi) — First
• 第二 (dai ni) — Second
• 第三 (dai san) — Third, and so on.

For numbers followed by a counter word that means a sequence, you can add 目 (me). So, “for the first time” would be 一回目 (ikkai me). And, 三人目 (sannin me) means “third person”.

Japanese Days Of The Month

After counters, this may be the second difficult aspect of the Japanese numbers. The days of the month can be pretty inconsistent, specifically the first 10 days. The first 10 days are more like the Native Japanese counting system and the good news is they are written in hiragana. I think it would be better just to memorize them.

The Days Of The Month In Japanese

1st — ついたち (tsuitachi)

2nd — ふつか (futsuka)

3rd — みっか (mikka)

4th — よっか (yokka)

5th — いつか (itsuka)

6th — むいか (muika)

7th — なのか (nanoka)

8th — ようか (youka)

9th — ここのか (kokonoka)

10th — とおか (tooka)

14th — じゅうよっか (juuyokka)

20th — はつか (hatsuka)

24th — にじゅうよっか (nijuuyokka)

The rest of the month just follows the regular number stacking system and plus 日 (nichi), for example, 二十三日 (nijusan nichi) means “23rd of the month”.

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